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(2016). 18 Cosmetics Ingredients containing ASCOPHYLLUM NODOSUM EXTRACT. (2005). Annu. Simultaneous HPLC analysis of biogenic amines, amino acids, and ammonium ion as aminoenone derivatives in wine and beer samples. A guard-cell-specific MYB transcription factor regulates stomatal movements and plant drought tolerance. Ascophyllum nodosum Among the group of the brown seaweeds, Ascophyllum nodosum commonly named “the knotted wrack” in Ireland (“An Fheamainn Bhuí” in Irish) is the main source of OGT’s AlgaeGreen® In vitro and field trials … (2004). doi: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2010.01.008, Khan, W., Rayirath, U. P., Subramanian, S., Jithesh, M. N., Rayorath, P., Hodges, D. M., et al. Mesophyll diffusion conductance to CO2: an unappreciated central player in photosynthesis. The work was conceived and designed by PP, EL, ASa, and ASc. We tested the effects of a pre-treatment with Ascophyllum nodosum extract (ANE) on Arabidopsis tolerance to drought stress (Figure 1A). After 20 days of growth, a treatment with Ascophyllum nodosum extract (ANE) was performed, dissolving in the hydroponic medium 3 g L-1 of ANE and leaving the trays with plants for 5 days in this enriched solution, while the untreated plants were maintained in an unaltered hydroponic solution. Effective use of water (EUW) and not water-use efficiency (WUE) is the target of crop yield improvement under drought stress. 00. Seaweed extracts as biostimulants of plant growth and development. Nitric oxide in guard cells as an important secondary messenger during stomatal closure. The ANE was obtained by extraction of Ascophyllum alga and it contained various carbohydrates and amino acids as described in Tables 2, 3. Food Chem. Free and total amino acids quantified in ANE. doi: 10.1038/nature01843, Izumi, M., Tsunoda, H., Suzuki, Y., Makino, A., and Ishida, H. (2012). 115, 317–319. 55, 608–613. In addition, the lower expression of these genes, identified as specific drought marker genes, in the ANE pre-treated plants highlighted as the treatment induced a lower water stress perception. Abscisic acid induces rapid reductions in mesophyll conductance to carbon dioxide. It is a seaweed that only grows in the northern Atlantic Ocean, also known in localities as feamainn bhuí, rock… Display Name: Ascophyllum nodosum, ext. J. For this reason, the potential priming role of salicylic acid, jasmonate, ROS and NO signaling pathways were investigated, by analyzing the expression analysis of genes involved in these pathways. 103, 351–370. 109, 262–272. Bot. Foliar applications of 0.5% A. nodosum extract … We cannot exclude that this mechanism serves to acclimatize the plants against subsequent drought stress. Conversely, between 3 and 4 DAD, gm of untreated plants sharply decreased, maintaining significantly lower values than ANE-treated plants. The maximum PSII photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) and the dark respiration were evaluated in plants adapted to dark for at least 30 min. 48, 909–930. Water use efficiency of crops cultivated in the Mediterranean region: review and analysis. Ascophyllum nodosum extract (ANE) improves the growth of several crops by different modes of action. doi: 10.1111/pce.12622, Flexas, J., Diaz-Espejo, A. N., Galm, E. S. J., Kaldenhoff, R., Medrano, H., and Ribas-Carbo, M. I. 58, 221–227. To evaluate the presence of fucoidan and alginate, total and free carbohydrates were analyzed. … Expression data, related to the treatment time (1–5 DOT, inset), were graphically shown in the figures only when, comparing untreated and ANE-treated samples, at least one time point was significantly different. J. Agron. 193, 70–84. Data of mesophyll conductance (A) during 4 days after dehydration (DAD). doi: 10.1007/s10811-009-9483-0, Marè, C., Mazzucotelli, E., Crosatti, C., Francia, E., Stanca, A. M., and Cattivelli, L. (2004). doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b00621, Grassi, G., and Magnani, F. (2005). (2016). doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01794.x, Foyer, C. H., and Noctor, G. (2005). Seaweed extracts Ascophyllum Nodosum with boron. doi: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2012.09.011, Ruban, A. V., Johnson, M. P., and Duffy, C. D. (2012). Plant Sci. Pronexa Hairgenics Lavish Lash – Eyelash Growth Enhancer & Brow Serum with Biotin & Natural Growth Peptides for Long, Thick Lashes and Eyebrows! Respiration of dark-adapted leaves (see above) was taken as a proxy for Rl (Centritto et al., 2009, 2011). doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2012.11.022, Baxter, A., Mittler, R., and Suzuki, N. (2014). Trans. The reduced gs in ANE-treated plants highlighted that the treatment stimulated a partial stomatal closure, through lower expression of MYB60, training plants to the incoming stress. The role of stomata in sensing and driving environmental change. The final solution was diluted to 5 mL with water and an aliquot of 50 μL was dried under nitrogen stream. Ascophyllum Nodosum Extract EWG score: The EWG score is a hazard score ranging from 1-2 (low hazard), 3-6 (moderate hazard) and 7-10 (high hazard) published by the Environmental Working … J. Agric. J. Appl. These . Sin. Variability in water use efficiency at the leaf level among Mediterranean plants with different growth forms. DW was determined by drying leaves for 72 h at 60°C, while for TW determination leaves were kept in Petri dish with distilled water for 24 h at 4°C. Int. At this time point, a decrease in the expression levels of both RBCS1A and RCA was observed. The concentration of the injected standard solutions range from 0,1 to 100 ppb. PLoS ONE 11:e0148554. It is well-known that several signaling, other than ABA, can modulate stomatal conductance. Reactive oxygen species: metabolism, oxidative stress, and signal transduction. Plant Cell Environ. ABA signal transduction at the crossroad of biotic and abiotic stress responses. Bot. FIGURE 4. Bot. Response of plants to water stress. Sea-K Kelp Extract (20kg) Soluble Ascophyllum Nodosum. BioMed Res. 162, 671–681. Plant Biol. Plant Sci. The ANE treatment may have imposed a lenient stress on the plants, allowing them to be better prepared for the following severe stress treatment. 132, 64–74. (2016). Plant Mol. Primary effects are the reduction of stomatal (gs) (Osakabe et al., 2014) and mesophyll (gm) conductance to carbonic dioxide (Flexas et al., 2016), which determines a lower availability of CO2 at the carboxylation site in the chloroplast (Sorrentino et al., 2016). 172, 73–82. Applications of a commercial extract of the brown seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum increases drought tolerance in container-grown ‘Hamlin’ sweet orange nursery trees. These genes codify respectively for a small subunit of Rubisco (Izumi et al., 2012) and for a protein that catalyzes Rubisco activation during photosynthesis (Portis et al., 2008). The main aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of an Ascophyllum nodosum extract (ANE) on the regulation of water stress responses in Arabidopsis plants, in terms of both photosynthesis performance and impact on gene expression. Ascophyllum Nodosum Extract is an extract of the alga, Ascophyllum nodosum. Briefly, this method is based on the simultaneous measurements of gas exchange and fluorescence parameters, comparing the electron transport rate determined simultaneously by gas exchange and fluorescence. According to their supposed functions, these genes are classified into two groups. Experiments were carried out using Arabidopsis thaliana accession Columbia-0 (Col-0). Biochemical analyses of metabolite compounds are necessary to unravel the mechanisms controlling the ANE-mediated effects to drought. These mechanisms can be induced in plant by treatment with seaweed-based products, increasing the overall tolerance to abiotic stresses (Spann and Little, 2011; Petrozza et al., 2014; Xu and Leskovar, 2015). Trichoderma harzianum T6776 modulates a complex metabolic network to stimulate tomato cv. Both biochemical and diffusional constrains strongly reduced the photosynthetic capacity in drought-stressed untreated plants, which at 4 days after dehydration showed an assimilation rate close to 0, an increase of the sub-stomatal CO2 concentration and a decrease of the potential photochemical efficiency. In Norway, beyond the Arctic Circle, in one of the purest habitats in the world, we have been harvesting and processing Ascophyllum nodosum with great passion for over 80 years. Biochem. Hortic. †These authors have contributed equally to this work. To investigate the role of ABA in stomata regulation, we analyzed the expression level of genes related to ABA synthesis (Figure 2C) and signaling (Figures 2D–F). An up-regulation of βCA1 was observed during the first 2 days of dehydration in untreated plants. Bot. Rubisco activity: effects of drought stress. Acta Pharmacol. It has high concentrations of iodine, calcium, potassium, iron and … (2011). (2016). Plant Growth Regul. (1992) and Loreto et al. Nature 403, 371–374. ASc performed gas exchanges measurements and further analysis of data. The stomatal response to reduced relative humidity requires guard cell-autonomous ABA synthesis. ROS-scavenging enzymes of plants include catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione-S-transferase, guaiacol peroxidase, and ascorbate peroxidase (You and Chan, 2015). Pre-treatment with ANE induced a partial stomatal closure, associated with changes in the expression levels of genes involved in ABA-responsive and antioxidant system pathways. (2012). Closure of stomata represents the primary plant defense against drought stress, in order to save water and maintain turgor (Chaves and Oliveira, 2004; Skirycz and Inzé, 2010). Improved methods of analysis for betaines in Ascophyllum nodosum and its commercial seaweed extracts. Curr. (2010). doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01835.x, Du, Y. L., Wang, Z. Y., Fan, J. W., Turner, N. C., Wang, T., and Li, F. M. (2012). Despite the presence of guluronic acid and mannuronic acid, their quantitative determination is not allowed because the lack of their commercial standards. Front. Our results showed higher tolerance to drought stress in plants that were pre-treated with ANE. Abe, H., Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, K., Urao, T., Iwasaki, T., Hosokawa, D., and Shinozaki, K. (1997). doi: 10.1093/jxb/42.12.1507. The extract chemical composition of ANE in unknown, but it is very likely that several bioactive molecules are extracted together with carbohydrates and aminoacids. The decline in the total mRNA level for both these genes suggested a possible reduced carboxylation capacity in untreated with respect to ANE-treated plants during the last phases of dehydration, supporting the hypothesis that damages to photosynthetic apparatus induced by dehydration were alleviated by pre-treatment with ANE. In this respect, ANE-treated plants showed a higher ability to dissipate the excess of energy as heat in the reaction centers of PSII, as suggested by the higher NPQ values. Expression analysis of NCED3, nine-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase 3 (At3g14440); MYB60, MYB domain protein 60 (At1g08810); RAB18, responsive to ABA18 (At5g66400); RD29A, responsive to desiccation 29A (At5g52310); RBCS1A, ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase small subunit A (At1g67090); RCA, Rubisco activase (At2g39730); PIP1;2, plasma membrane intrinsic protein 1;2 (At2g45960); βCA1, β carbonic anhydrase 1 (At3g01500); PsbS, photosystem II subunit S (At1g44575); VDE, violaxanthin de-epoxidase (At1g08550); DFR, dihydro flavonol reductase (At5g42800); SOD, super oxide dismutase (At1g8830); APX2, ascorbate peroxidase 2 (At3g09640) and ZAT10 (At1g27730), were performed by real-time PCR, using an ABI Prism 7300 sequence detection system (Applied Biosystems). Improving WUE is one of the major goal for the future research to ensure higher crop yields against unfavorable environmental stresses (Flexas et al., 2016). Rev. (1990). Sci. Biochim. Plant Sci., 03 August 2017 In tests involving Ascophyllum nodosum, F. vesiculosus, and Pelvetia canaliculata using whole seaweed homogenate, sodium carbonate extract, and ethanol extracts, all extracts showed significant inhibition of lipase, suggesting multiple bioactive agents, potentially including alginates, fucoidans, and polyphenols. These results suggested a strong synthesis of ABA in order to close stomata and counteract the water loss. Ascophyllum nodosum is the most researched seaweed species for agricultural use.Originated from the pristine waters of the North Atlantic, it is exposed to extreme weather conditions and is capable of … Time 0 is the dehydration stress starting time and it corresponds exactly with the last day of Ascophyllum nodosum extract (ANE) treatment. (2013). Ascophyllum Scientific classification Clade: SAR Phylum: Ochrophyta Class: Phaeophyceae Order: Fucales Family: Fucaceae Genus: Ascophyllum Stackhouse, 1809 Species: A. nodosum Binomial name Ascophyllum nodosum Le Jolis Distribution Ascophyllum nodosum is a large, common cold water seaweed or brown alga in the family Fucaceae, being the only species in the genus Ascophyllum. Biophys. Plant Physiol. The authors declare that the research was funded by Valagro SpA, a company involved in the production of ANE. Relative expression levels were calculated using GeNorm3. New Phytol. Molecular mechanisms of photodamage in the photosystem II complex. 10, 1360–1366. Curr. High levels of ROS in the cell result in extensive damage to DNA, proteins and lipids, causing a metabolic dysfunction which leads to plant death (Gill and Tuteja, 2010; Anjum, 2015). Our results point out the need to better understand the effects of ANE treatment on stimulation of plant defense responses to water stress, considering the complex interactions among irradiance level, phenology and severity of stress. (2016). Hort Sci. These processes involve the xanthophyll cycle, the PSII-related protein PsbS, the water–water cycle and the dissociation of the photosynthetic reaction centers from light-harvesting complexes (Funk et al., 1995; Niyogi et al., 2004; Demmig-Adams and Adams, 2006; Roach and Krieger-Liszkay, 2012). Sci. At 4 DAD nearly 90% of the untreated plants were dead and the plants that were still alive showed a reduction in RWC. Purity Certified. Rubisco specificity factor tends to be larger in plant species from drier habitats and in species with persistent leaves. Free monosaccharide and total monosaccharides quantified in ANE. Hence, it is possible that signals other than ABA, or ABA like molecules (Spann and Little, 2010), might be induced by the treatment provoking the observed partial stomatal closure. After viewing product detail pages, look here to find an easy way to navigate back to pages you are interested in. Reactive oxygen species and antioxidant machinery in abiotic stress tolerance in crop plants. Each dot shows the mean ± SE of four biological replicates. Vass, I. Crop Prot. doi: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2012.05.009, Flexas, J., Díaz-Espejo, A., Conesa, M. A., Coopman, R. E., Douthe, C., Gago, J., et al. The mesophyll conductance to CO2 (gm) was not significantly affected by the ANE treatment and did not show significant changes during the first 2 days of dehydration (Figure 4A). The residue was dissolved by adding 100 μL ammonium hydroxide 1.5 M, 700 μL water, 100 μL of internal standard (galacturonic acid) and 500 μL of the methanolic solution of PMP (0,5 M). Tallec, T., Béziat, P., Jarosz, N., Rivalland, V., and Ceschia, E. (2013). 42, 1–16. 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Type of pigment-binding protein, Thick Lashes and Eyebrows of tobacco plants overexpressing ice plant aquaporin McMIPB a... Carboxylation sites with methylene chloride ( 3 × 0,8 mL ) plants against subsequent drought stress in plants E..., Ugarte, R. C., and Chan, Z Jarosz,,. There were no significant differences in the production of ANE genes are classified two... Effects to drought involves metabolic and morphological alterations that help plants to the photosynthetic response of as! However, we were not able to record a decrease in the photosystem II complex Powdery mildew ( ).

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